Dictator In Chinese

Chinese Translation of “dictator” The official Collins English-Chinese Dictionary online. Over 100000 Chinese translations of English words and phrases.

박정희(朴正熙)3rdIn office23 March 1962 – 26 October 1979Acting to 17 December 1963Prime MinisterChoi Tu-sonPreceded bySucceeded by(acting)Chairman of theIn office3 July 1961 – 17 December 1963Preceded bySucceeded byPosition abolishedDeputy Chairman of theIn office16 May 1961 – 2 July 1961Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedPersonal detailsBorn( 1917-11-14)14 November 1917,(now Gumi, )Died26 October 1979 (1979-10-26) (aged 61),Cause of deathResting placePolitical partyOther politicalaffiliations(1946–1948)Spouse(s). JungsuChungsuPark Chung-hee (: 박정희;: 朴正熙; 14 November 1917 – 26 October 1979) was a politician and general who served as the from 1963 until in 1979, assuming that office after first ruling the country as head of a installed by the in 1961. Before his presidency, he was the chairman of the from 1961 to 1963 after a career as a military leader in the.Park's coup brought an end to the interim government of the and his and inauguration in 1963 ushered in the. Seeking to bring South Korea into the developed world, Park began a series of economic policies that brought rapid economic growth and industrialization to the nation that eventually became known as the.

South Korea became one of the fastest growing nations during the 60s and 70s as a result.Although popular during the 60s, by the 1970s, as growth began to slow, Park's popularity started to wane, resulting in a close victory during the. Following this, in 1972, Park declared martial law and amended the constitution into a highly authoritarian document called the. Formally, the pretense was that the Yushin Constitution was the seventh Constitutional amendment. In actuality, its effect was tantamount to abolition of the former Constitution – effectively creating a new one in an effort to legitimize the new. During this time, political opposition and dissent was constantly repressed and Park had complete control of the media and military.Park survived several previous attempts to kill him, including two operations associated with.

Following the student uprising later known as the, Park was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by his close friend, the director of the, at a safe house in Seoul. Cha Ji-chul, chief of the, was also fatally shot by Kim. Kim and his accomplices were tortured, convicted and executed for the assassination as became Acting President pursuant to Article 48 of the Yushin Constitution. Major General quickly amassed sweeping powers after his was charged with investigating the assassination, first taking control of the military and the KCIA before and finally assuming the presidency in 1980. Whether the assassination was spontaneous or premeditated is something that remains unclear today—the motivations of Kim Jae-gyu are still debated.Economic growth continued after Park's death, and after considerable and the military, the country eventually democratized. Later presidents included political activist, who was arrested under Park's regime and later received a death-sentence which was quickly revoked, in part thanks to the urging of United States officials. Park is a controversial figure in modern South Korean political discourse and among the South Korean populace in general for his dictatorship and undemocratic ways.

While some credit him for sustaining the, which reshaped and modernized South Korea, others criticize his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971) and for prioritizing economic growth and contrived social order at the expense of civil liberties.In 2012 the Park Jung-hee Presidential Library and Museum was opened. On 25 February 2013, his eldest daughter, became the first female president of South Korea. She was and removed from office on 10 March 2017 as a result of an. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison in April 2018. Park with fellow students at Changchun Military AcademyPark was born on 14 November 1917, in in, to parents Park Sung-bin and Bek Nam-eui. He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters in a poor family. Extremely intelligent, egotistic and ambitious, Park's hero from his boyhood on was Napoleon, and he frequently expressed much disgust that he had to grow up in the poor and backward countryside of Korea, a place that was not suitable for someone like himself.

Those who knew Park as a youth recalled that a recurring theme of his remarks was his wish to 'escape' from the Korean countryside. As someone who had grown up under Japanese rule, Park often expressed his admiration for Japan's rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration of 1867 and for Bushido ('the way of the warrior'), the Japanese warrior code.As a youth, he won admission to a teaching school in and worked as a teacher in after graduating in high school, but was reportedly a very mediocre student. Following the outbreak of the, the ambitious Park decided to enter the of the, with help from Colonel Arikawa (a drill instructor at the teaching school in Daegu who was impressed by Park's military ambitions). During this time, he adopted the Japanese name Takagi Masao ( 高木正雄). He graduated top of his class in 1942 (receiving a gold watch from the Emperor himself) and was recognized as a talented officer by his Japanese instructors, who recommended him for further studies at the in Japan.

Career In Manchukuo After graduating third in the class of 1944, Park was commissioned as a lieutenant into the of, a Japanese puppet-state, and served during the final stages of as to a regimental commander. The Japanese used Korean to suppress Korean armed resistance. Return to Korea. Park with U.S. President in Washington, D.C. On 14 November 1961On 19 June 1961, the military council created the in order to prevent counter-coups and suppress potential enemies, both foreign and domestic. Along with being given investigative powers, the KCIA was also given the authority to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or having anti-government sentiments.

Under its first director, retired Brigadier General, a relative of Park and one of the original planners of the coup, the KCIA would extend its power to economic and foreign affairs.President Yun remained in office, giving the military regime legitimacy. After Yun resigned on 24 March 1962, Lt. General Park, who remained chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, consolidated his power by becoming acting president; he was also promoted to full general. Park agreed to restore civilian rule following pressure from the.In 1963, he was as the candidate of the newly created. He appointed, the Vice Leader of the party as the chief of the President's Office.

He narrowly defeated former President Yun, the candidate of the Civil Rule Party, by just over 156,000 votes—a margin of 1.5 percent. Park would be, defeating Yun with somewhat less difficulty.Leader of South Korea Foreign policy In June 1965 Park signed a, which included payment of reparations and the making of soft-loans from Japan, and led to increased trade and investment between South Korea and Japan. In July 1966 South Korea and the United States signed a establishing a more equal relationship between the two countries. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from North Korea seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the and the to in September 1965, followed by the in September 1966.

Throughout the 1960s, Park made speeches in which he blamed the and the generally for Japan's takeover of Korea. Vietnam War. Park (third left) at the 1966 convention in theAt the request of the United States, Park sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and during the; a commitment second only to that of the United States. The stated reasons for this were to help maintain good relations with the United States, prevent the in East Asia and to enhance the Republic's international standing. In January 1965, on the day when a bill mandating a major deployment passed the National Assembly (with 106 votes for and 11 against), Park announced that it was 'time for South Korea to wean itself from a passive position of receiving help or suffering intervention, and to assume a proactive role of taking responsibility on major international issues.' Although primarily to strengthen the military alliance with the United States, there were also financial incentives for South Korea's participation in the war.

South Korean military personnel were paid by the United States federal government and their salaries were remitted directly to the South Korean government. Park was eager to send South Korean troops to Vietnam and vigorously campaigned to extend the war. In return for troop commitments, South Korea received tens of billions of dollars in grants, loans, subsidies, technology transfers, and preferential markets, all provided by the and administrations. North Korea. Honoring President Park Chung-hee in Army Parade at on 1 October 1973Park oversaw transitional changes between the two Koreas from conflict to consolidation.

In 1961, the North Korean leader, secretly sent Hwang Tae-song, a former friend of Park Chung-hee and a vice-minister in ministry of trade, to South Korea, hoping to improve inter-Korean relations. However, in order to dissipate the suspicions about his Communist leanings and assure Americans his firm stance as an ally, Park decided to execute Hwang as a spy.Beginning in October 1964, North Korea increased the infiltration of its intelligence-gatherers and propagandists into the South. More than 30 South Korean soldiers and at least 10 civilians had been killed in clashes with North Korean infiltrators by October 1966.In October 1966, Park ordered the ROK Army to stage a retaliatory attack without seeking the approval of. This action, which was in retaliation for ongoing South Korean losses, caused tension between Park's government and the U.S. Command in Korea, which wished to avoid violations of the armistice.Between 1966 and 1969 the clashes escalated as Park's armed forces were involved in firefights. The fighting, sometimes referred to as the Second Korean War, was related to a speech given by on 5 October 1966 in which the North Korean leader challenged the legitimacy of the 1953.

Kim stated that irregular warfare could now succeed in a way conventional warfare could not because the South Korean military was now involved with the ever-growing. He believed Park's administration could be undermined if armed provocation by North Korea was directed against U.S. This would force United States to reconsider its worldwide commitments.

Any splits would give the North an opportunity to incite an insurgency in the South against Park.On 21 January 1968, the 31-man of North attempted to and nearly succeeded. They were stopped just 800 metres from the by a police patrol.

A fire fight broke out and all but two of the North Koreans were killed or captured. In response to the assassination attempt, Park organized, a group intended to assassinate Kim Il-Sung. It was disbanded in 1971.Despite the hostility, negotiations were conducted between the North and South regarding. On 4 July 1972 both countries released a joint statement specifying that reunification must be achieved internally with no reliance on external forces or outside interference, that the process must be achieved peacefully without the use of military force, and that all parties must promote national unity as a united people over any differences of ideological and political systems. The United States Department of State was not happy with these proposals and, following Park's assassination in 1979, they were quietly buried.

On 15 August 1974, Park was delivering a speech in the in at the ceremony to celebrate the 29th anniversary of the ending of when a man named fired a gun at Park from the front row. The would-be assassin, who was a -born North Korean sympathizer, missed Park but a stray bullet struck his wife (who died later that day) and others on the stage. Park continued his speech as his dying wife was carried off the stage.

Mun was hanged in a Seoul prison four months later. On the first anniversary of his wife's death, Park wrote in his diary 'I felt as though I had lost everything in the world. All things became a burden and I lost my courage and will.

A year has passed since then. And during that year I have cried alone in secret too many times to count.' Economic policy. Park with in West Germany, 1964One of Park's main goals was to end the poverty of South Korea, and lift the country up from being a Third World economy to a First World economy via etatist methods.

Using the Soviet Union and its Five Year Plans as a model, Park launched his first Five Year Plan in 1962 by declaring the city of Ulsan was a 'special industrial development zone'. The chaebol of Hyundai took advantage of Ulsan's special status to make the city the home of its main factories.Park is credited with playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's by shifting its focus to. When he came to power in 1961, South Korea's per capita income was only US$72.00.

Was the greater economic and military power on the peninsula due to the North's history of heavy industries such as the power and chemical plants, and the large amounts of economic, technical and financial aid it received from other communist bloc countries such as the, and.One of Park's reforms was to bring in 24 hour provision of electricity in 1964, which was a major change as previously homes and businesses were provided with electricity for a few hours every day. With the second Five Year Plan in 1967, Park founded the Kuro Industrial Park in southwestern Seoul, and created the state owned Pohang Iron and Steel Company to provide cheap steel for the chaebol, who were founding the first automobile factories and shipyards in South Korea. Reflecting its etatist tendencies, the Park government rewarded chaebol who met their targets under the Five Year Plans with loans on easy terms of repayment, tax cuts, easy licensing and subsidies. It was common from the late 1960s onward for South Koreans to speak of the 'octopus' nature of the chaebol as they began to extend their 'tentacles' into all areas of the economy.

Time gal ending. Amazon echo download. Some of the successful chaebol like Lucky Goldstar (LG) and Samsung went back to the Japanese period while others like Hyundai were founded shortly after the end of Japanese rule; all would go to become world-famous companies. Hyundai, which began as a transport firm moving supplies for the U.S. Army during the Korean War, came to dominate the South Korean construction industry in the 1960s, and in 1967 opened its first car factory, building automobiles under license for Ford. In 1970, Hyundai finished the construction of the Seoul-Pusan Expressway, which become one of the busiest highways of South Korea, and in 1975 produced the Pony, its first car that was designed entirely by its own engineers.

Besides manufacturing automobiles and construction, Hyundai moved into shipbuilding, cement, chemicals and electronics, ultimately becoming one of the world's largest corporations.A sign of the growth of the South Korean economy was that in 1969 there were 200,000 television sets in operation in South Korea, and by 1979 there were six million television sets operating in South Korea. In 1969, only 6% of South Korean families owned a television; by 1979 four of every five South Korean families owned a TV. However, all television in South Korea was in black and white, and the color television did not come to South Korea until 1984. Reflecting the growth of TV ownership, the state-owned Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) began to produce more programming, while private sector corporation MBC began operating in 1969. During the Yusin era, television productions were subjected to strict censorship with, for example, men with long hair being banned from appearing on TV, but soap operas became a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s, becoming extremely popular.South Korean industry saw remarkable development under Park's leadership. Park viewed Japan's development model, in particular the (MITI) and the 's, as an example for Korea. Park emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB).

Government-corporate cooperation on expanding South Korean exports helped lead to the growth of some South Korean companies into today's giant Korean conglomerates, the.The economic development of South Korea continued at the cost of major sacrifices for the working class: the government did not recognize a minimum wage or weekly leave, imposed periods of free work for its benefit and working days were of a duration of twelve hours. In addition, trade unions and collective labor actions were prohibited. West Germany Park's economic policy was highlighted by South Korea's relationship with. Park had an affinity for Germany due to its history of having strong leadership like that of and, and wanted to create ties with West Germany to deal with the problems of increasing population growth and economic hardships and to receive an inflow of foreign capital for domestic development. Upon an agreement in 1961, South Korea sent labor forces to Germany, including more than 8,000 mine workers and 10,000 nurses, which continued until 1977.

Iran Park was close friends with the last Shah of Iran, who had established diplomatic relations in 1962 and following a visit to Iran in 1969, developed a close relationship with the two countries. Park realized the importance of Iran in securing oil for South Korea's industrial development and by 1973, was their main and only source of oil during the Oil Crisis. Most refineries in South Korea were built to process Iranian crude and thousands of engineers and workers were sent to Iran to help develop their refining capability. The relationship eventually expanded beyond oil as Park promoted other industries to operate in Iran. Many Chaebol's went to Iran, including, whose first Middle East Project were a series of Shipyards in Bandar Abbas and Chahbahar to help develop Iran's maritime industry. Park's favorite architect and his office designed the Complex in Tehran and the South Korean Special Forces helped train the Commandos.Park invited the Shah in 1978 for a special 'South Korea-Iran' summit to further deepen relations but due to the, it never materialized.In preparation for that summit, Tehran and Seoul became sister cities and the two exchanged street names as well; in and in Tehran which both still remain.

Domestic policy Among Park's first actions upon assuming control of South Korea in 1961 was to pass strict legislation the country and banning the use of like the. Despite its strict wording, the law's enforcement was so spotty as to be considered a failure, with the government abandoning prosecution under its terms by 1970. In the end, South Korea's traditional units continued until June 2001.After taking office for his in 1967, Park promised that, in accordance with the which limited the president to two consecutive terms, he would step down in 1971. However, soon after his 1967 victory, the Democratic Republican-dominated successfully pushed through an amendment allowing the incumbent president —himself— to run for three consecutive terms.In the meantime, Park grew anxious of the shift in US policy towards communism under 's. His government's legitimacy depended on staunch anti-communism, and any moderation of that policy from South Korea's allies (including the US) threatened the very basis of his rule.

Park began to seek options to further cement his hold on the country. In May 1970, the Catholic poet was arrested for supposedly violating the Anti-Communist Law for his poem Five Bandits, which in fact had no references to Communism either explicitly or implicitly,but instead attacked corruption under Park. The issue of the journal Sasanggye that published the Five Bandits was shut down by the government. One of the eponymous bandits of the Five Bandits is described as a general who began his career fighting for Japan in World War Two, and all of the bandits of the poem are described as collaborators who served Japan because of their greed and amorality. Park recognized the reference to himself in Five Bandits with the character of the general while the fact that all of the bandits have a Chinilpa background was a reference to the social basis of Park's regime. In 1974, Kim was sentenced to death for his poem, and though he was not executed, he spent almost all of the 1970s in prison.

Later in 1970, Park launched his New Village Movement that set out to modernize the countryside by providing electricity and running water to farmers, building paved roads, and replacing thatched roofs with tin roofs (the latter was said to reflect a personal obsession on the part of Park, who could not stand the sight of thatched roofs on farmers' homes, which for him was a sign of South Korea's backwardness).In 1971, Park won another against his rival,. That December, shortly after being sworn in, he declared a state of emergency 'based on the dangerous realities of the international situation'. In October 1972, Park dissolved the legislature and suspended the 1963 constitution in a.

Work then began on drafting a new constitution. Park had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from, who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier.A new constitution, the so-called was approved in a heavily rigged in November 1972. Meaning 'rejuvenation' or 'renewal' (as well as 'restoration' in some contexts), scholars see the term's usage as Park alluding to himself as an 'imperial president.' The new Yushin constitution was a highly authoritarian document.

It transferred the presidential election process to an, the. It also dramatically expanded the president's powers. Notably, he was given sweeping powers to rule by decree and suspend constitutional freedoms. The presidential term was increased from four to six years, with no limits on re-election. For all intents and purposes, Park's presidency was now a legal dictatorship. As per his new constitution, Park ran for a fresh term as president in, and won unopposed.

He was reelected in also unopposed. Many of South Korea's leading writers were opposed to the Park regime, and many of the best remembered poems and novels of the 1970s satirized the Yushin system.Park argued that Western-style liberal democracy was not suitable for South Korea due to its still-shaky economy. He believed that in the interest of stability, the country needed a 'Korean-style democracy' with a strong, unchallenged presidency. Although he repeatedly promised to open up the regime and restore full democracy, fewer and fewer people believed him.In 1975, Park ordered homeless people to be removed from the streets of Seoul. Thousands of people were captured by the police and sent to thirty-six camps.

The detainees were then used as free labor by the authorities and subjected to degrading treatment. Many died under torture.Park abolished the usage of or and established exclusivity for the Korean language in the 1960s and 1970s. After a Five-Year Hangul Exclusivity Plan ( 한글종양오년계획) was promulgated through legislative and executive means, from 1970, using hanja became illegal in all grades of public school and in the military. This led to stronger national identity and less illiteracy in South Korea. Final years and assassination.

This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( September 2018) Although the growth of the South Korean economy had secured a high level of support for Park's presidency in the 1960s, that support began to fade after economic growth started slowing in the early 1970s. Many South Koreans were becoming unhappy with his autocratic rule, his security services and the restrictions placed on personal freedoms. While Park had legitimised his administration, using the provisions laid down in the laws dating back to the, he also failed to address the constitutional guarantees of. Furthermore, the security service, the KCIA, retained broad powers of arrest and detention; many of Park's opponents were held without trial and frequently tortured. Eventually demonstrations against the Yushin system erupted throughout the country as Park's unpopularity began to rise.These demonstrations came to a decisive moment on 16 October 1979, when a student group calling for the end of dictatorship and the Yushin system began at. The action, which was part of the 'Pu-Ma' struggle (named for the and areas), soon moved into the streets of the city where students and riot police fought all day.

By evening, up to 50,000 people had gathered in front of Busan city hall. Over the next two days several public offices were attacked and around 400 protesters were arrested. On 18 October, Park's government declared martial law in Busan. On the same day protests spread to in Masan. Up to 10,000 people, mostly students and workers, joined the demonstrations against Park's Yushin System. Violence quickly escalated with attacks being launched at police stations and city offices of the ruling party. By night fall a citywide curfew was put into place in Masan.

Assassination On 26 October 1979, six days after the student protests ended, Park was shot dead by, the director of the KCIA, after a banquet at a safehouse in Gungjeong-dong, Seoul. Kim also killed Park's chief bodyguard, Cha Ji-chul. Other KCIA officers then went to other parts of the building shooting dead four more presidential guards.

Kim and his group were later arrested by soldiers under South Korea's Army Chief of Staff. They were tortured and later executed.

It's unclear whether this was a spontaneous act of passion by an individual or part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service. Kim claimed that Park was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism. The investigation's head, rejected his claims and concluded that Kim acted to preserve his own power.Park, who was said to be a devout, was accorded the first South Korean interfaith state funeral on 3 November in Seoul.

He was buried with full military honors at. Kim Jae-gyu, whose motive for murdering Park remains unclear, was hanged on 24 May 1980.Personal life Park was married to Kim Ho-nam (having one daughter with her) and the two later divorced. Afterwards, he married, and the couple had two daughters and one son. Yuk was killed in the assassination attempt against Park in 1974.Park's eldest daughter from his second marriage (with Yuk Young-soo), was elected the chairwoman of the conservative in 2004. She was elected as South Korea's 11th and first female president in 2012 and took office in February 2013. Park Geun-hye's association to her father's legacy has served as a double-edged sword. She had previously been labeled as the daughter of a dictator; however she has been quoted as saying 'I want to be judged on my own merits.'

Her presidency ended in in 2016 and removal from office in 2017. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison on 6 April 2018. Park is currently held at. Legacy Park led the, a period of rapid economic growth in South Korea, until 1979. However, his authoritarian rule saw numerous human rights abuses. Opinion is thus split regarding his legacy between those who credit Park for his reforms and those who condemn his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971).

Older generations who spent their adulthood during Park's rule tend to credit Park for building the economic foundation of the country and protecting the country from, as well as leading Korea to economic and global prominence. Although Park was listed as one of the top ten 'Asians of the Century' by in 1999, the newer generations of Koreans and those who fought for democratization tend to believe his authoritarian rule was unjustified, and that he hindered South Korea's transition to democracy. He is also believed to be one of the main causes of which is a serious problem in Korea today.Park Chung-hee remains a controversial figure in South Korea. The eighteen-year Park era is considered to be one of the most, if not the most, controversial topics for the Korean public, politicians, and scholars both at home and abroad. A large number of South Koreans, especially those from Park's native region , consider Park to be one of the greatest leaders in the country's history and thus continue to hold Park in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his regime. Park was accused of having pro-Japanese tendencies by some, but it is widely agreed that Park is responsible for the beginning of a normalized relationship with Japan and today Japan is one of South Korea's top trading partners, surpassed only by the People's Republic of China and the United States.

He is often credited as being one of the major people responsible for bringing economic growth and development to South Korea. Park has been recognized and respected by many South Koreans as his country's most efficient leader, credited with making South Korea economically what it is today. However, Park is also regarded as a highly repressive dictator who restricted personal freedoms and was isolated from the people. At the very least, his actions put United States and South Korea foreign relations at risk, at least under Carter.

Dissolving the constitution to allow him unopposed rule and a third term, blackmail, arresting, jailing and murdering opposition figures are well documented. The new constitution President Park implemented after declaring the state of emergency in 1971, gave him the power to appoint one third of the members of the National Assembly and even outlawed criticism of the constitution and of the president. There were also many economic feats established during Park's regime, including the, the famous, and the.On 24 October 2007, following an internal inquiry, South Korea's (NIS) admitted that its precursor, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), undertook the kidnapping of opposition leader and future President, saying it had at least tacit backing from then-leader Park Chung-hee. Historical rankings In a 2015 South Korean on the greatest president in South Korean history, Park topped the chart with an approval rating of 44%. In popular culture.See also.